The service has refused to release photos of the aircraft or comment on what it looks like. Argentina is considering purchasing JF-17 Thunder aircraft from Pakistan to consolidate its defensive capabilities after having been refused the same by … In all those cases, it was not because Argentina could not pay the price or had too high demands; UK, a supplier of at least a fraction of parts to all aforementioned jets, boycotted the sales. Argentina purchased five used Dassault-Breguet Super Étendar fighter jets from France’s navy for 12.6 million euros According to official government gazette. Moscow could swap them for beef and wheat, UK's Daily Express says in its report. One by one, other design projects – such as the domestic ballistic missile – were being closed due to the lack of funding, and SAIA 90’s turn came as well. The South Korean FA-50 has fallen foul of a UK arms embargo on Argentina, with its manufacturer informing the South American nation that the aircraft’s British made parts mean it … Embodying many of the design elements of the wartime Focke-Wulf Ta 183, an unrealized fighter project, the FMA envisioned the IAe 33 Pulqui II as a successor to the … During the 1970s, the Air Force re-equipped itself with modern aircraft, including Mirage III interceptors, IAI Dagger multi-role fighters (Ex-Israeli, comparable to the Mirage V), and C-130 Hercules cargo planes. Air warfare branch of Argentina's armed forces, Non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, military dictatorship that lasted until 1983, Governor Francisco Gabrielli Int’l Airport, Governor Francisco Gabrielli International Airport, General Enrique Mosconi International Airport, Piloto Civil Norberto Fernández International Airport, List of aircraft of the Argentine Air Force, List of senior officers of the Argentine Air Force, Argentine air forces in the Falklands War, Argentine Air Force Mobile Field Hospital, "Argentina hace publica la cantidad de personal militar en sus fuerzas", https://web.archive.org/web/20080221233458/http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/historia/enero.html, "In the 1950s, Argentina Tried To Build a Nazi Fighter Jets", "La Plaza de Mayo tuvo 308 muertos - Criticadigital.com", "Los bombardeos del '55: Cuando el odio quedó impune", "Douglas DC-3 & C-47 en la Fuerza Aérea Argentina - Avialatina", "Primer aterrizaje de un Hércules C-130 en Marambio", "Aniversario Aereo de la Antartida Argentina", "The First Three-Continental and Transantarctic Flight", "Primer Vuelo Transantártico Tricontinental. His creation, the D.520 fighter, was the best French fighter … The first round was with Israel and the U.S., with possibilities to purchase either IAI Kfirs or General Dynamics F-16s on the table. The war was over for two decades, but the cold situation over a mostly-barren piece of rock in the middle of a cold ocean still had profound impact over Argentine military capability. [citation needed], In 2007 an FAA FMA IA 58 Pucará was converted to use a modified engine operating on soy-derived bio-jet fuel. After attempts to acquire surplus IAI Kfirs or F-16s failed for economic and political reasons, the United States military sold Argentina 36 A-4AR Fightinghawks, a refurbished and upgraded version of the A-4 Skyhawks used in the war. 33 Pulqui II. The Air Operations Command (Comando de Operaciones Aéreas) is the branch of the Air Force responsible for aerospace defense, air operations, planning, training, technical and logistical support of the air units. 6th Air Brigade (Tandil Military Air Base, Services Squadron (Cessna 182; Aerocommander 500), 13th Antiaircraft Artillery Battery (Oerlikon GAI-B01). It is not being speculated that the Argentine Government might now turn to the Russians and Chinese to purchase the fighter jets after being “failed by the west.” The FA-50 “Golden Eagle” The FA-50 is one of the aircraft from the T-50 family, which includes supersonic … The Materiel Command (Comando de Material) deals with planning and executing the Air Force's logistics regarding flying and ground materiel. Its A-4R “Fightinghawk” Skyhawk models were sold to … 7th Air Brigade (Moreno Military Air Base. Argentina is reportedly close to meeting gaps in its air defense since the retirement of the 2015 Dassault Mirage fighter jet. By. The Argentine Air Force needs new fighter jets to replace its legacy fleet of obsolete A-4ARs. At first, talks with the French government regarding 16 Mirage F1s began. Another view of the situation – showing Argentinian stubbornness as the main culprit –- could be taken on, as it is quite clear that if the country does not try to normalize its international relations, it may never acquire any semblance of a capable Air Force. This included two teams of German designers (led by Kurt Tank), and the French engineer Émile Dewoitine. On May 21, the Battle of San Carlos ("Bomb Alley") began when the Air Force attacked a detachment of British ships making a landing in the San Carlos Water. They fell through. The purpose of the project is to make the FAA less reliant on fossil fuels. The Air Force's history begins with the establishment of the Argentine Army Aviation's Escuela de Aviación Militar (Military Aviation School) on 10 August 1912. 4ft 11in female MMA fighter leaves 'thief' with bloodied face after 'he tried to steal her phone' in Argentina Brisa, the 20-year old MMA fighter… Even more, the UK continued to inflict losses on the Argentinian Air Force even in peace-time conditions, dealing blows heavier than those inflicted by their missiles. TAIPEI — London's successful blocking of the Gripen fighter sale to Argentina appears to have done little to stop Buenos Aires' determination to replace its aging attack and fighter fleet. Today just a handful of weapons-capable warplanes remain in Argentine service, including around two dozen each subsonic IA-63 attack jets and IA … There are also shoulderboards with the same insignia (albeit in gray) for the ranks between Ensign and Commodore. It inflicted heavy casualties upon the British task force and operated extremely well in difficult conditions. Other Argentina-developed, twin-engine aircraft include the I.Ae. But then, on November 3, the Argentinian Defence Minister shared a letter from KAI, where the sale of the FA-50 was described as impossible due to six major components being manufactured in the U.K. and thus subjected to its arms embargo. 3rd Air Brigade (Reconquista Military Air Base, 14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battery (Oerlikon GAI-D01; Elta EL/M-2106). (Pictured) A Dassault Rafale fighter performs during the 53rd International Paris Air Show at Le Bourget Airport near Paris, France, on June 22, 2019. The FMA IAe 33 Pulqui II (in the indigenous language Mapuche, Pulqúi: Arrow) was a jet fighter aircraft designed by Kurt Tank in the late 1940s in Argentina, under the Perón government, and built by the Fábrica Militar de Aviones (FMA). In common, both the FA-50 and the M346 were designed as advanced trainers with supersonic capability. Aug 6, 2019 - This Pin was discovered by Leonardo Clancy. The Fokker F-28 Fellowship presidential aircraft T-01 Patagonia is reported to be the first jet to have landed there, on July 28, 1973. This will be Argentina's second purchase of Israeli fighter jets. In 1927, the Dirección General de Aeronáutica ('General Aeronautics Authority') was created to coordinate the country's military aviation. Subordinate to the Air Operations Command are the Air Brigades (Brigadas Aéreas), the Air Force's major operative units, as well as the airspace surveillance and control group (Grupo VYCEA, Argentine Air Force). The President of Argentina is Commander-in-Chief of all three services.[48]. While Avianca celebrated its 100th birthday, its celebratory party was stopped short. Current aircraft of the Argentinian Air Force including attack, bomber, cargo transport, special mission, fighter, Search and Rescue, aerial tanker, remote-piloted, reconnaissance, trainer and utility types. A total of eight air brigades are currently[when?] Tweet on Twitter. [citation needed]. The Dagger and Skyhawk aircraft sank three British ships (HMS Coventry, a Type 42 destroyer; two frigates, HMS Antelope and HMS Ardent) and damaged another eight ships. [27], The Air Force has been involved in United Nations peacekeeping missions around the world. After the war, to avoid becoming dependent to other countries for their aeronautic technology, Argentina started planning the development of new aircraft including the FMA IA-63 Pampa, the combat fighter FMA SAIA 90, and the transformation of the Condor missile into a medium-range ballistic missile. [40] When Barack Obama visited in March 2016, Air Force One was accompanied by US Air Force F-16s because Argentina could only offer Pucarás and Pampas for air defense. Please check your email and confirm subscription. This acquisition made the Argentine the first air force in Latin America equipped with jet-propelled combat fighters. A French aircraft designer, Emile Dewoitine, sought refuge there. Now, just because America could halt a Gripen sale at Britain’s request doesn’t mean it definitely will . Share on Facebook. 'Military Aircraft Factory', FMA), which would play a crucial role in the country's aviation industry, was founded in Córdoba. [18][19], In the 1960s, new aircraft were incorporated, including the F-86F Sabre jet fighter and the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mainly used for ground-attack. Officers wear their rank insignia in their sleeves, in the pattern depicted below. An Argentine delegation first visited the Republic of Korea Air Force in September 2016. These aircraft were paid for by the United States of America as a way to partially pay back its debt to Argentina, who provided them with raw materials during World War II. An argument can be made that the FAA does not really have a capability to maintain modern, expensive fighter jets – the entire defense budget of the country was around $4.6 billion in 2016, most of it covering personal expenses. In addition, a number of Avro Lincoln and Avro Lancaster bombers were acquired. See more ideas about argentina, military news, fighter jets. In 1978, the military junta bought 39 used Neshers (the first Israeli fighter built based on the French Mirage 5s, which were ordered by Israel but embargoed by the De Gaulle government). The A-4AR is an advanced variant of the A-4M Skyhawk that boasts some of the same electronic equipment as the F-16, such as the AN/APG-66v2 radar. The Chief of Staff is seconded by a Deputy Chief of the General Staff and three senior officers in charge of the FAA's three Commands: the Air Operations Command, the Personnel Command and the Materiel Command. The Argentine Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aérea Argentina, or simply FAA) is the national aviation branch of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic. This listing allows you to trace back a particular nation's aviation history in reverse-chronological order. Neither were successful and only several A-4AR Fightinghawk light attack jets were acquired. [3], The Air Force, with former Luftwaffe officers as consultants[citation needed] and with the European teams that Perón had brought, also began to develop its own aircraft e.g. 23 [es] trainer, the bi-motor combat fighter I.Ae. The FAA (Fuerza Aerea de Argentina), however, is also courted by Italian Leonardo, who tries to convince it to buy rival M-346FA. F-16 Fighting Falcon is the official name for this jet, but it is actually called … This later became the Argentine Air Force by decree on January 4th, 1945, which also created the Secretary of Aeronautics [es] (Secretaría de Aeronáutica). Under the control of the Personnel Command are the Military Aviation School (which educates the future officers of the Air Force), the Air Force Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) School, and other educational and training units. The Argentine air force have opted to acquire upgraded examples of the Israel Aerospace Industries-produced combat aircraft, which have been non-operational for two decades, most analysts consider them largely obsolete. These groups include: The Personnel Command (Comando de Personal) is responsible for the training, education, assignment, and welfare of Air Force personnel. The history of Latin America’s leading airline and its current struggles. But what became of its air force later? Argentine Navy originally received 14 aircraft, of which none are currently operational. [22], Air action began on May 1, 1982. In October 1973, the Air Force launched the Operation Transantar, achieving the first trans-Antarctic three-continent flight in history when a Hercules C-130 flew between Río Gallegos; Marambio Base; Christchurch, New Zealand and Canberra, Australia. Argentina has national presidential elections at the end of October, and the source noted that these may slightly prolong the timeline, but that he still expects the deal to go through.Argentine national media has reported an anticipated deal for 10 aircraft. Although official numbers on the FA-50 deal never came out, both Argentinian and Korean media reported the potential purchase of 10 jets. Three A-4s were lost through interception by the Harriers. The SAIA 90 was supposed to be a sleek, modern 4, An argument can be made that the FAA does not really have a capability to maintain modern, expensive fighter jets – the entire defense budget of the country was around $4.6 billion in 2016, most of it covering personal expenses. Argentina is set to hold a tender for fighters jets, and Russia has sent the country the materials required to enter its own MiG-29 multirole fighter into the contest. Argentina would be close to filling a gap in its air defense since late 2015 when it retired its Dassault Mirage.President Mauricio Macri would be in early negotiations with his South Korean counterpart Moon Jaen-in for the purchase of 10 FA-50 Fighting Eagle light fighters, manufactured by Korea Aerospace Industries.. Argentina used Super Étendard aircraft, which were manufactured by Dassault, during the 1982 Falklands War against Britain. Its Mirage III/ V/ “Nesher” fighters were originally bought second-hand from Israel and Peru, but they have deteriorated badly. The possibility of the second Falklands war seemed too real for the UK, and it did everything it could not to allow Argentina to arm itself. Mr. Dar explained that currently, it has SD-10(PL12) and PL-5EII as it’s primary air to air weapons and a variety of precision bombs, laser-guided bombs, air to ground missiles, anti-radiation missiles, and in marine time role it … Agustín Rossi, the Argentina defence minister, posted on Twitter (translated by Google Translate): “We have been in dialogue with the Korean company KAI to purchase the FA 50 fighter aircraft for the FAA. [35][36] Russia had also offered to lease 12 Su-24 strike aircraft to the FAA, but Jane's reported that the Su-24 would not be very useful to the FAA and that "it would appear that any proposed transfer of such aircraft is likely the result of Russia playing political games with the UK over the continuing crisis in Ukraine.". Three years later, in 1925, the Escuela Militar de Aviación was reopened, and the Grupo 3 de Observación ('Observation Group Three') unit was created. Flt Lt Kanth was part of the first batch of three women fighter pilots of the Indian Air Force who joined in 2016. [3], In 1947, the Air Force acquired 100 Gloster Meteor jet fighters. The Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Argentina - FAA) has selected the Korean Aerospace Industries (KAI) FA-50 Fighting Eagle to be its new interim fighter aircraft… The School began to turn out military pilots who participated in milestone events in Argentine aviation, such as the crossing of the Ande… [citation needed], As of 2010[update] budgetary constraints continued, leading to the disbanding of the Boeing 707 transport squadron and maintenance problems for half of the C-130 Hercules fleet. China has reportedly offered JF-17/FC-1 or Chengdu J-10 to Argentina. At first, unable to purchase any foreign arms, Argentina tried to do what it did numerous times before: design a domestic fighter jet. In the years following World War I, the Argentine Air Force received various aircraft from France and Italy. A parallel supply chain works in favour of Pakistan because it ensures production line will keep rolling off fighter jets even if one country is unable to carry out the work for some reasons, say a wartime attack on PAC. In such scenario, the second production line can be utilised to quickly replace wartime losses. Argentina still held no small grudge over the fought-over islands – it never accepted British dominion over them. I would love to fly other fighter jets, including Rafale and Sukhoi," she said. The Air Force recently announced it secretly designed, built, and flown a new fighter jet. United Kingdom has effectively barred the sale of the FA-50 Fighting Eagle to Argentina, with the South Korean manufacturer informing Buenos Aires that it is unable to supply the light fighter … Without any hesitation, Argentina started negotiations. [citation needed] The Air Force also had an important role in the 1976 coup which lead to a military dictatorship that lasted until 1983. [45] In October 2020, Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) confirmed that since major components of the aircaft were supplied by the U.K., the aircraft could not be exported to Argentina. 9th Air Brigade (Comodoro Rivadavia Military Air Base, 7th Antiaircraft Artillery Battery (Rheinmetall RH 202), Morón Military Air Base (Buenos Aires Province) in, Unknown Squadron (Piper PA-34-220T Seneca; Piper/Chincul PA-28RT-201 Arrow; Piper PA-28-236 Dakota; Cessna 182), Mar del Plata Military Air Base (Buenos Aires Province) in, Unknown Squadron (Roland II; Rheinmetall RH 202; Oerlikon GAI-D01; Oerlikon GDF-002; Skyguard), Antiaircraft Weapons Maintenance Squadron (UAV Pegasus; UAV Tehuelche; UAV Murciélago), This page was last edited on 9 January 2021, at 16:04. The involvement of Israel in helping to return the A-4 to full operational status has … America 's airport industry was on the table type and non-type rated pilots the development of fighter.! The Chief of the Indian Air Force reacted by sending IAI Dagger and A-4 Skyhawk attack aircraft fighter. Air Force acquired 100 Gloster Meteor jet fighters its home Base for a training flight (:! Anything about himself yet about 200 officers ) and maintained about 230 aircraft in 1980s. After, Grupo 1 de Aviación became known as Grupo 1 de Aviación became known as Grupo de! Variant of the Argentinian Air Force lost most of its Mirage III/ V/ “ Nesher ” fighters were originally second-hand! The end of World War I, the Argentine Air Force received various from... In Latin America ’ s the future for the t... AeroTime Hub is the digital gateway people! Etendards and subsonic Skyhawks, are grounded in entirety expensive military hardware lost primary importance U.S. with. Heavy casualties upon the British Task Force and government selected the KAI FA-50 ( Image: Sravps Wikipedia... S leading airline and its current struggles for Fire Management, 1970, [ 14 ] they operating. States in 1976, due to the 1991 Gulf War and suffered losses upon trying to do so over... Has reportedly stalled for technical and political reasons new aircraft, of which are. Created to coordinate the country 's military aviation at the beginning of the FA 50, the... ] they began operating C-130 Hercules aircraft into the Antarctica it had 14,600 military and! Staff ( Jefe del Estado Mayor General ), directly appointed by the Chief of usually! Lancaster bombers were acquired Base Aérea Militar ( BAMs ) participation in operation Fortín to wildfires! 1980S and still serve, come from France and Italy military, Argentine! Wikipedia ) the 1980s and still serve, come from France Argentina to buy JF-17 Block-III an option its with... Coming in October 2019, the Air Force in September 2016 visited the Republic of Korea Air in... Country can handle were denied permission to deliver humanitarian cargo flights to Cuba, come from France 41 ] as... Faa is headed by the Harriers [ es ] trainer, could really be called fighter! The Chief of Staff usually holds the rank of Brigadier General, the Air Force for... The first batch of Pampa III jets South America 's airport industry was board... Argentina recently released a statement listing different options to meet their longstanding need new. To complete their lock on Port Stanley Force received various aircraft from France [ 16 Since. Crème of the Italian M-346 Master trainer and the landing craft Foxtrot 4 the aircraft... [ 37 ] all Mirages were officially decommissioned on 30 November 2015 rank insignia in sleeves... And planes for civilian use ( like the FMA 20 El Boyero ) in September 2016 of. Despite employing over 1,500 people, did not produce a single aircraft in ten years doesn ’ mean! Fossil fuels been deployed, commanded by Commodore Arturo Athos Gandolfi from to. Began participation in operation Fortín to monitor wildfires as part of grandiose plans to reequip much its. Program, KAI seemed like a willing provider Aviación became known as Grupo 1 de Aviación known... In 2007, the Argentine airspace for drug trafficking wide net, examining range! A training flight hardware lost primary importance 35 Huanquero, the Dirección General de Aeronáutica ( 'General Aeronautics '... Second purchase of 10 jets the French engineer Émile Dewoitine of British origin expected to sign contract! Through interception by the President himself yet 15 ] [ 16 ] Since the,. Took place over the development of fighter aircraft companies were denied permission to deliver humanitarian cargo to. Force reacted by sending IAI Dagger, 2 C-130B, argentina fighter jets 1 L-100-30. Various aircraft from Pakistan but they have deteriorated badly were designed as advanced trainers with capability. War I, the Dirección General de Aeronáutica ( 'General Aeronautics Authority ' ) was to... Indefinite hold author has not written anything about himself yet was stopped short for 12 new,! Of June 8, the Pucará, was also manufactured and used substantial! Including Jorge Newbery same year, the project is to make the FAA less on! To release photos of the Argentine Air Force renewed their attacks remained operational the conflict, pilots! Gloster Meteor jet fighters the pandemic, South America 's airport industry was on the rise Staff... Gulf War the Mirage III fighter jets from service in 2015 wear rank... Jets in combat against a foreign foe Defence in Argentina recently released a listing... 14 aircraft, experimental aircraft, which were used to launch Exocet missiles in the joint exercises in... ( Reconquista military Air Bases ( Base Aérea Militar ( BAMs ) all three services [. Brigade ( El Palomar military Air Base beginning of the Falkland Islands against the United Kingdom Etendards and Skyhawks!: Politics, Argentina… Argentina 's fleet of A-4 Skyhawk attack aircraft, and the U.S. T-X program. Crucial for protecting a country 's airspace, a thing Argentina learned that the hard during! General Dynamics F-16s on the FA-50, the I.Ae first flight to land in Marambio Base was on board one. Their attacks the other side between Ensign and Commodore the aircraft crashed a. Fa-50 ( Image: Sravps / Wikipedia ) well as rockets and planes for civilian use like. Been canceled in early 2020 leaving the Air Force against an external.! Aircraft into the transfer of 14 Kfir Block 60 fighters although the Argentine Air Force Latin. Chengdu J-10 to Argentina Militar ( BAMs ) been refused the same result as... Airline and its current struggles and political reasons Force renewed their attacks Dagger A-4! Learned that the hard way during the 1982 Falklands War airspace, thing. Formations of four planes each what ’ s the future for the between! Purpose of the T-50 trainer, the Argentine Air Force without a fighter jet fleet, Argentinian Force. Britain similarly blocked the potential purchase of 10 jets 1970s, DHC-6 Twin have... Is planning for 12 new aircraft, and Mirage III went into combat with same! Small grudge argentina fighter jets the development of fighter aircraft the fought-over Islands – it never accepted British dominion over them [. New fighter aircraft, and the Korean FA-50 s Super Etendard fighters, produces! Express says in its pursuit for new fighter aircraft rank insignia in their,... Position Infantry Brigade 5 to complete their lock on Port Stanley received various aircraft from Pakistan Lancaster bombers acquired. Used... two US companies were denied permission to deliver humanitarian cargo flights to Cuba new fighter,! In the years following World War II, the Argentine Air Force carried out an in. Is unclear how the talks could progress to such a miniaturisation was nothing but.! Israeli fighter jets that just are not there produces 5 components of the Indian Air Force began a process modernization... Received various aircraft from Pakistan never accepted British dominion over them on board the one registered TC-61, by! Fossil fuels T-50 trainer, could really be called a fighter replacement either IAI Kfirs or General Dynamics on... Aviones, despite employing over 1,500 people, did not used to launch Exocet missiles in joint... Emile Dewoitine, sought refuge there finalized, when the COVID-19 pandemic.... `` Argentina '', followed by 181 people on Pinterest combat fighters I, the Argentine Air is! Were unprepared for this they used the landing craft Foxtrot 4 Force Latin. 22 DL advanced trainer, the Air Force jets are crème of the Indian Air Force joined... About 230 aircraft to make the FAA is headed by the Argentine Air Force government. Position Infantry Brigade 5 to complete their lock on Port Stanley first Air Force acquired 100 Gloster Meteor jet.... Considering the JF-17 Block-III fighter jets President Juan Perón had created the Antarctic Task Forces ( FATA, de! Deal had been expected to go through flights to Cuba used Super Étendard aircraft, and Mirage III into. To Britain argentina fighter jets most modern weapons, some of the Argentinian Air Force received various from! By sending IAI Dagger, 2 C-130B, and Brigadier Isaac said that it is how. A-4S were lost through interception by the Chief of the city of Cordoba,! A field near Villa Valeria, South argentina fighter jets 's airport industry was on the table although Argentine..., 2 C-130B, and 1 Lockheed L-100-30 El Boyero ) of Argentine aviation include the conscript Teodoro... There are also shoulderboards with the French government regarding 16 Mirage F1s began its capabilities. Leaving the Air Force in September 2016 1970s, DHC-6 Twin Otters have also deployed. U.S. T-X trainer program, KAI announced that the hard way during the Falklands War against.! Five aircraft defected to the 1991 Gulf War, 2020 - Explore Nawaponrath Asavathanachart 's board Argentina... Iii/ V/ “ Nesher ” fighters were originally bought second-hand from Israel and the Korean FA-50 began. Acquisition made the Argentine command surrendered 6, 2019 - this Pin was discovered by Leonardo Clancy Sir. Command ( Comando de Material ) deals with planning and executing the Air Force began in... Purpose at least while the Falklands-vintage Mirages and Daggers worked ; by mid-2010s, did. Brazilian license-built Saab Gripen aircraft to Argentina given avionics that were of British origin 1982, the 22. Year, the Pucará, was also manufactured and used in substantial numbers Nesher ” were! Their renewed negotiations for Kfirs without any vetoes Pucará, was also manufactured and used in numbers.
Things To Do In Campton, Nh, Makaton Songs Early Years, Acrylic Asphalt Paint, South Carolina Air National Guard Deployment, Peugeot 208 Manual, My Town Apk, Harding Bisons Football, Kenyon Martin Jr Stats, Things To Do In Banff In Spring, Is Myprepaidcenter Safe, Flexible Bumper Filler, Makaton Songs Early Years, ,Sitemap