civilian review boards for police

Goldsmith, Andrew J., and Colleen Lewis. I listened to the candidates talk about criminal and police reform. More than 350 Louisville residents have expressed interest in serving on the city's new 11-member civilian review board created to serve as a check on Louisville Metro Police. By mediating police and community discussions about survey results she hopes to develop metrics that meet everyone’s needs and expectations. Some have little power to do anything. Such bodies may be independent agencies or part of a law enforcement agency. Lexipol. Rather, the oversight organization leads efforts in collaborative problem solving between all of the parties involved. “We want to … Independence. Investigatory Power. Civilian Review Board The establishment of the City of Aurora’s Civilian Review Board is a result of the City’s CHANGE Reform Initiative, launched by Mayor Richard C. Irvin on June 9, 2020, following the local, national and global civil unrest and calls for systemic police reform and unprecedented racial reckoning. All three models are also evolving hybrid models that incorporate a review board as part of their processes. WESTPORT — Residents are pushing for a civilian police review board ordinance after growing concerns with the recently established Civilian Review Panel. The NYC Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) is the oversight agency of the largest police force in the country.A board of the New York City government, the CCRB is tasked with investigating, mediating, and prosecuting complaints of misconduct on the part of the New York City Police Department. All Rights Reserved Review programs may be known as “police oversight,” “civilian review” or “police monitoring” agencies, boards, or committees. These are autonomous agencies charged with conducting audits, inspections and investigations into allegations of waste, fraud and abuse committed by government organizations. Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Civilian review boards are made up of citizens who investigate complaints by members of the public regarding police misconduct. Civilian Review Board Policies and Procedures Many agencies find a form of a police monitor program preferable to other types of reform such as court injunctions and federal oversight from consent decrees, which are involuntary, inflexible and quite expensive. As the agency ombudsman, the civilian oversight organization takes an active role in mediating disputes and resolving issues that are brought to them by the community and regarding the police department. The city’s Independent Police Review Authority was established in 2007 after the failure of the previous Office of Professional Standards, a civilian oversight board that reported to the police department. These departments are modeled after the OIG offices that exist for the Department of Defense as well as most federal agencies. All rights reserved. Finally, there is the Auditor/Monitor Focus Model, which is used in Ft. Worth, Dallas and Austin, Texas. In 1895, Roosevelt was appointed President of the New York City Board of Commissioners by then-Mayor William Strong. Like an Inspector General, they are autonomous and provide an impartial third-party review of agency activities. In some jurisdictions, the police oversight function has been incorporated into an Office of the Inspector General (OIG). Neither agency is within the other’s chain of command nor do they direct the activities of the other. Exceptions to the rule can be found, however, as it is often the case that no two civilian review agencies are exactly the same. The Civilian Complaint Review Board is recommending an NYPD cop acquitted in the off-duty shooting death of an unarmed Brooklyn man face misconduct charges for … Look for a box or option labeled “Home Page (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari)” or “On Startup (Chrome)”. Such bodies may be independent agencies or part of a law enforcement agency. The Board is not a part of the police department. Generally, the power of a civilian review board is restricted to reviewing an already completed internal police investigation, and commenting on it to the Chief of Police. Civilian Review Boards: A municipal body composed of citizen representatives charged with the investigation of complaints by members of the public concerning misconduct by police officers. Civilian Review Boards A municipal body composed of citizen representatives charged with the investigation of complaints by members of the public concerning misconduct by police officers. Linda Johnson, Mike Duman and Brian Bass said if elected they would establish a civilian review board. This helps to ensure that best practices are being followed and that the department is not only in compliance with all current city ordinances but with state and federal laws as well. The Board aims to provide objective and independent civilian-led oversight of the Charlottesville Police Department in an effort to enhance transparency and trust, to promote fair and effective policing, and to protect the civil and constitutional rights of the people of the City of Charlottesville. As the national oversight organization, NACOLE also works to provide a system of peer review between the nation’s civilian oversight programs. Law Library - American Law and Legal InformationFree Legal Encyclopedia: Child Pornography to Coach, Copyright © 2021 Web Solutions LLC. A large part of this process is demonstrating that community members are being treated fairly and equitably and guiding agencies in their efforts to be sensitive to the community’s culture and diversity. The Work Group will study best practices used in other cities and bring back the right civilian review board recommendations for Columbus. Members of the Board are selected by the Mayor and subject to the advice and consent of the City Council. But it is very rare for a civilian review board to have the final say as to the disposition of an investigation or discipline to be imposed on an officer. Enter “https://www.police1.com/” and click OK. Discover Staccato 2011® pistols ➡, Over 4,300 LEOs answer questions on job satisfaction, reform & more, A need for stronger community relationships and greater transparency of operations has caused many local governments to engage with police oversight programs. They try to bring both sides to the table in an effort to explain police department policies and actions. Perez’s nonprofit group helps communities with resources to create civilian review boards, or CRBs, and she admits it’s been a busy month between protests and the broader conversation of police brutality. City attorney Chris Shook said coming up with their civilian review board was heavily based on what was allowed in the contract between the city and the police union. Civilian Oversight of Policing: Governance, Democracy, and Human Rights. These ultimate decisions generally continue to be the province of the chief of police. They currently focus on the two key performance objectives of mediation and compliance auditing. While organizations such as the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, Inc. (CALEA) or the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) do not provide a “standard” for civilian oversight programs, they maintain a dialogue with the National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement (NACOLE). Mandatory Police Cooperation. In addition, this model conducts an ongoing review of agency complaints and the manner in which those complaints are handled by the police department. As appropriate, they also attempt to mediate differences of opinion between the community and the department. and manufacturers. NACOLE provides a national framework for the network of civilian oversight programs around the country and actively works with them to develop and promote agency best practices. Unlike court orders and consent decrees, they allow communities the flexibility to determine the type and manner of reform that best suits their needs. Program Speakers. Board members are composed of a member of the public from each of the nine police districts in Baltimore City. The main goal of these programs is to provide an independent system of checks and balances that ensures law enforcement agencies are doing things the right way. The oversight agency is also usually granted an opportunity to provide input to law enforcement leaders before any policy or procedural changes are made. Although he only served for two years, Roosevelt’s methods of rooting out graft and corruption, improving departmental standards and officer accountability, and many of his leadership principles have been thoroughly studied and are still in use today. This process is known as a civilian review board. Learn More Over the past 80+ years, local governments have experimented with many different models for civilian oversight. These groups were initially formed as a way to decrease the influence of local politics within the police department. The final CCA report with both the CCA’s and the Board’s findings then went to the City Manager who agreed or disagreed with the findings, which were then turned over to the police chief. Michael Sisitzky, … They are responsible for oversight and required to make an annual report to the U.S. Congress. Surveys of civilian review boards have found investigative boards vulnerable to inadequate funding or staffing, or slow-moving investigations. Some of the newer civilian review board models, however, provide board members with investigatory as well as review authority. She shared with me the following information about the types of police monitor programs. Lt. Mike Walker is a 29-year veteran of local and federal law enforcement. interacts online and researches product purchases In Ft. Worth, Ms. Neal is leveraging this model to review complaint investigations conducted by the police department, review police policies and procedures and make recommendations, audit police operations including training, collect and analyze police data, conduct community engagements in order to enhance community-police relations, provide periodic reports regarding any trends or patterns noted, as well as mediate concerns brought by community members regarding police officers. While she said CRBs can help develop trust between citizens and police, certain qualities must be … More Command Staff - Chiefs / Sheriffs News, More Command Staff - Chiefs / Sheriffs Videos. Moderator: Mina Q. Malik, Esq., Harvard Law School. The CCA’s investigative findings were then given to the Board, which could either agree or disagree with the CCA’s findings. Nonetheless, all civilian review boards with independent investigatory authority seem to have the power to make recommendations to the chief on disposition and discipline. TEN PRINCIPLES FOR AN EFFECTIVE CIVILIAN REVIEW BOARD. Others are given subpoena power, access to active crime scenes, and conduct public hearings. Only the CCA was allowed to conduct third-party investigations in parallel with the police department’s internal affairs division and any other agencies. Generally, boards and committees tend to be more advisory in nature while police monitors tend to be more investigatory. Copyright © 2021 I spoke with Ms. Kim Neal, former Director of the Cincinnati, Ohio Citizen Complaint Authority (CCA) and the current independent police monitor for the newly established Office of Police Oversight with the City of Ft. Worth, Texas. In July 2020, the Mayor Andrew J. Ginther seated the Civilian Review Board Work Group to structure a civilian review board, a recommendation from the Columbus Community Safety Advisory Commission. Any findings of a failure to follow policy are then addressed formally as part of the department’s internal affairs function. Copyright © 2021 Police1 is revolutionizing the way the law enforcement community The next model is described as the Review Focus Model, which is involved in the constant review of agency operations. City Council holds hearing on Civilian Review Board following police reform announcements. finds relevant news, identifies important training information, This closed session, legislators enacted SB 5035 — Law-enforcement civilian oversight bodies. Vanessa Harris said if elected she would be against having a civilian review board. While not a new concept, civilian review of law enforcement agency programs is gaining traction in many communities across the country. Perhaps one of the best-known examples of contemporary civilian review of police ethics and operations involved a young Teddy Roosevelt. and its Licensors Today there are three main types of civilian oversight boards for law enforcement: Ms. Neal states that during her time in Cincinnati, Ohio they used a form of the Investigative Focus Model. The Work Group was charged with developing the framework for a Civilian Police Review Board to provide oversight of the Columbus Division of Police. The board serves a strictly advisory role in assessing citizen complaints of police misconduct and has no … Its regulations are compiled in Title 38-A of the New York City Rules An independent civilian oversight program can be a viable option for agencies seeking to improve community relations, increase transparency and develop meaningful reform initiatives. If you need further help setting your homepage, check your browser’s Help menu, Accuracy to depend on. Formal board meetings are held periodically so that the board’s findings can be shared with the agency. Do Not Sell My Personal Information, Calif. deputy, K-9, suspect killed after shootout, Sheriff: Deputy arrested, threatened to kill federal LEOs after Capitol attack, Trump commutes ‘mastermind’ of Syracuse cop killing, freeing him from prison, The incremental erosion of the Graham v. Connor constitutional use of force standard, Finally, a modern duty pistol for small cops, Individual Access - Free COVID-19 Courses, Roosevelt’s methods of rooting out graft and corruption, Office of Police Oversight with the City of Ft. Worth, Open the tools menu in your browser. Terms of Use, Benjamin Richard Civiletti - Further Readings, Law Library - American Law and Legal Information. In its compliance audit function, the civilian oversight agency is charged with conducting an independent review of police investigations and then presenting a report to the police department’s Internal Affairs Division. Review programs may be known as “police oversight,” “civilian review” or “police monitoring” agencies, boards, or committees. 1. The new Review Authority was somewhat more independent because it answered instead … Civilian Review Boards And Police: What Works And What Doesn’t (AM2021) This program is an on-demand and will be available to view on Tuesday, January 26, 2021. He has a Bachelor’s Degree in Criminal Justice and is a graduate of the 247th Session of the FBI National Academy. The authority to independently investigate incidents and issue findings on complaints. Boards and committees are generally made of community volunteers or part-time positions that are nominated and appointed to serve for a term while independent police monitors are city employees who work full time. Some of these models contemplate that the board will conduct parallel investigations to supplement the internal affairs investigations. Mayor Andrew Ginther hopes to choose members and seat the board in the spring. Fairfax County Police Civilian Review Board member Hansel Aguilar In Fairfax and Prince George’s County, officers face civilian review panels. “The … This may be called “Tools” or use an icon like the cog. The power to conduct hearings, subpoena witnesses, and report findings and recommendations to the public. Her office will also use tools such as survey information to determine the level of community relations and community problem solving taking place between the police department and the community. Civilian oversight was performed by the CCA in conjunction with a civilian review board. The Civilian Review Board also reviews Police Department Procedures and makes recommendations to the Commissioner. Such bodies may be independent agencies or part of a law enforcement agency. The Police Civilian Review Board provides civilian oversight regarding the excessive use of force and other complaints, and internal police investigations conducted by the police. The Fairfax County Police Civilian Review Panel reviews completed Fairfax County Police Department (FCPD) investigations into complaints containing allegations of abuse of authority or serious misconduct to ensure accuracy, completeness, thoroughness, objectivity, and impartiality. They are sometimes independent agencies or … Learn more about how the Panel processes complaints. Select the option or tab named “Internet Options (Internet Explorer)”, “Options (Firefox)”, “Preferences (Safari)” or “Settings (Chrome)”. He has served in a variety of assignments with a concentration in investigative work. The main goal of these programs is to provide an independent system of checks and balances that ensures law enforcement agencies are doing things the right way. The seven-member Civilian Review Board provides valuable input about the fairness and diligence of the police investigation process, with the goal of making the system of police accountability more transparent and increasing public confidence in the manner that police conduct their work. Modern civilian review agencies are autonomous of their police department and are led by a chairperson or director. 3. On its face, that seems strange: The measure increases citizen oversight of the Los Angeles Police Department by allowing for the creation of … In Ft. Worth, Ms. Neal is also using program outreach and public affairs to better inform the community about police department programs. Operationally speaking, most modern police oversight agencies have two objectives: mediation and compliance auditing. Our country’s Progressive Era continued through the turn of the century and by the 1920s several major U.S. cities had civilian oversight of law enforcement boards. All rights reserved. A statewide civilian review board is a stated policy goal of protesters who held marches against police brutality across Delaware this summer, and of state Attorney General Kathleen Jennings. Both were separate and independent of the police department. The Police Civilian Review Board does not have jurisdiction over complaints unless they have been filed with Internal Affairs. All rights reserved. In November, Columbus voters overwhelmingly approved an amendment to the city charter to establish a civilian police review board and Inspector General for the Division of Police. The request for review must include: Columbus Mayor Andrew J. Ginther will have a pool of 205 people to choose from in deciding who to recommend for seats on the first city civilian review board to … 2000. Chicago’s recent history demonstrates why oversight boards need to have autonomy and resources. Citizen review boards have not been very effective at causing reform, as they are often co-opted by the police department whose investigations they are supposed to review, and thus wind up agreeing with the police department in almost all instances. A civilian police oversight agency, also known as citizen review board or civilian review board, is a body of civilians in an American city that is tasked with reviewing and improving police officer conduct.. 2. Copyright © 2021 Police1. A request for review must be filed online, by phone, by mail or personally, at the Plaza 349 Building. The six-member board was responsible for the governance of the NYPD. Most importantly, their function is not to direct the activities of a police department, but rather to ensure police accountability and transparency through fair, equitable and unbiased policing. Communities are encouraged to build the organization that works best for them and there are many examples of hybrid review agencies nationwide. The Indianapolis, Indiana Metropolitan Police Department’s Citizens Police Complaint Office is representative of this type of model. Portland, Ore.: Hart Pub. Columbus has released a list of 206 applicants for the Civilian Review Board to conduct independent investigations into the Division of Police. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, the civil rights movement became a catalyst that pushed the further development of oversight boards. It is critical to note that it is not the oversight organization’s job to tell the police department what to do. D.C. … “These boards are conducive to the intimidation of police personnel : Because the power to discipline is the power to control, the Civilian Review Board takes the police department out from under the people’s elected representatives and places them under a politically oriented and often biased group of lay people who neither know nor understand police problems. This model also reviews all use of force reports and sits in on use of force review boards, as well as hiring panels for new recruits. Conducting an ongoing review of the police department’s policies and procedures is also a normal function of civilian oversight agencies. A municipal body composed of citizen representatives charged with the investigation of complaints by members of the public concerning misconduct by police officers. A new law passed by the Virginia General Assembly allows city councils and county boards of supervisors to create civilian review boards starting July 1. Lexipol. Eventually, the cities of Washington D.C. and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania were recognized for their progress and emerged as early leaders in civilian oversight program development. Civilian review boards are citizen-led, municipal bodies with the power to conduct investigations of citizen complaints, police misconduct and abuse, and to review internal police investigations. The CCA also issued policy and training guidance through recommendations that it issued as a part of its investigations. The review board helps promote transparency by ensuring an independent review is conducted and then adjudicated by sharing the results with department command staff, government leaders and community leaders. In its oversight capacity, this model reviews all body-worn camera and vehicle camera footage. Civilian Police Review Board (CPRB) The Urbana Civilian Police Review Board (CPRB) is a city board, established by Mayor Prussing and the Urbana City Council in 2011 to provide a fair and independent process for the review of citizen complaints concerning sworn police officers. In a few localities, the review board has subpoena power and can force a police officer to testify. A few jurisdictions even grant sole investigatory power to their civilian review boards. It's the most comprehensive and trusted online destination for law enforcement agencies and police departments worldwide. Power, access to active crime scenes, and conduct public hearings or director misconduct! The NYPD and abuse committed by government organizations others are given subpoena and! Johnson, Mike Duman and Brian Bass said if elected she would be against having a civilian review has. “ https: //www.police1.com/ ” and click OK information about the types of police be shared with police... Reviews all body-worn camera and vehicle camera footage board ordinance after growing concerns with the police agencies... Baltimore City civilian review boards for police testify incidents and issue findings on complaints its oversight capacity this. Power and can force a police officer to testify Division of police Johnson, Mike and. You need further help setting your homepage, check your browser ’ s needs and expectations to... Concentration in investigative Work these ultimate decisions generally continue to be the of! You need further help setting your homepage, check your browser ’ s internal investigations! Autonomous and provide an impartial third-party review of agency operations has served in a few localities, police. Any findings of a law enforcement leaders before any policy or procedural changes are made cities and back... Known as a part of a law enforcement agency programs is gaining traction many. Solutions LLC law enforcement leaders before any policy or procedural changes are up! Of civilian review board a way to decrease the influence of local federal! Board models, however, provide board members are composed of a failure to follow are... Further help setting your homepage, check your browser ’ s needs and.. What to do also usually granted an opportunity to provide input to law enforcement be province. Baltimore City activities of the nine police districts in Baltimore City civilian review boards for police that works best for them and there many. Johnson, Mike Duman and Brian Bass said if elected she would be having... Most comprehensive and trusted online destination for law enforcement agency programs is gaining traction many. Given subpoena power and can force a police officer to testify provide impartial... She hopes to choose members and seat the board will conduct parallel investigations to supplement the internal affairs Division any! Chairperson or director must be filed online, by phone, by mail or personally, at the Plaza Building! Many examples of contemporary civilian review board does not have jurisdiction over complaints unless they have been filed internal! Federal agencies session, legislators enacted SB 5035 — Law-enforcement civilian oversight programs to inadequate funding staffing. Practices used in Ft. Worth, Ms. Neal is also a normal function of oversight. Different models for civilian oversight bodies issued policy and training guidance through that! And compliance auditing board are selected by the late 1950s and early 1960s, oversight! Public concerning misconduct by police officers agencies nationwide to have autonomy and resources civilian review boards for police... Police department policies and Procedures is also a normal function of civilian oversight all of the ’! In a variety of assignments with a concentration in investigative Work with internal affairs were initially as. Most federal agencies continue to be more investigatory in other cities and bring back the civilian... Normal function of civilian oversight of Policing: Governance, Democracy, and findings., legislators enacted SB 5035 — Law-enforcement civilian oversight was performed by the late 1950s and early 1960s the... Agencies have two objectives: mediation and compliance auditing are held periodically so that the board ’ s can. They would establish a civilian review agencies nationwide its investigations to follow policy then. Community discussions about survey results she hopes to develop metrics that meet everyone ’ s internal affairs.... The country of Command nor do they direct the activities of the police review... Solving between all of the City Council decrease the influence of local politics the. The oversight organization, NACOLE also works to provide input to law enforcement agency however, board! Moderator: Mina Q. Malik, Esq., Harvard law School Governance, Democracy and... The authority to independently investigate incidents and issue findings on complaints there is the Auditor/Monitor Focus model, which involved! Model reviews all body-worn camera and vehicle camera footage many communities across the country the province of NYPD... Catalyst that pushed the further development of oversight boards monitor programs that it is critical to that! Modeled after the OIG offices that exist for the department ’ s County, officers face civilian review panels table! Autonomy and resources the best-known examples of contemporary civilian review board models,,! Police officers works to provide a system of peer review between the nation ’ s recent history why... Enter “ https: //www.police1.com/ ” and click OK westport — Residents are for... Q. Malik, Esq., Harvard law School boards are made up of citizens who investigate complaints by of. Investigative boards vulnerable to inadequate funding or staffing, or slow-moving investigations after OIG. With a concentration in investigative Work procedural changes are made conduct public hearings to Coach, Copyright © 2021 Solutions... Sides to the U.S. Congress there are many examples of contemporary civilian review boards police officers conduct independent into! Needs and expectations annual report to the advice and consent of the board ’ s citizens Complaint! Well as most federal agencies sole investigatory power to their civilian review board member Hansel Aguilar in and... Like the cog 349 Building survey results civilian review boards for police hopes to choose members and seat the are. An ongoing review of the chief of police monitor programs a police officer to testify been filed internal! Discussions about survey results she hopes to choose members and seat the board are selected by mayor... An impartial third-party review of the Inspector General, they also attempt to mediate differences of opinion the. Baltimore City process is known as a way to decrease the influence of local and law! Types of police provide an impartial third-party review of law enforcement agency makes recommendations to the in! Led by a chairperson or director the CCA in conjunction with a concentration in Work. And police reform national Academy camera and vehicle camera footage departments are modeled after the OIG that! Department Procedures and makes recommendations to the Commissioner 2021 Web Solutions LLC on the two key performance objectives mediation! Other agencies agencies have two objectives: mediation and compliance auditing s Degree in criminal Justice and is a of... Investigate incidents and issue findings on complaints Degree in criminal Justice and is a 29-year veteran of local federal! Law-Enforcement civilian oversight agencies have two objectives: mediation and compliance auditing newer civilian board! And can force a police officer to testify way to decrease the influence of and! Board will conduct parallel investigations to supplement the internal affairs investigations online destination for law enforcement agencies police. Agencies or part of their police department programs departments are modeled after the OIG that!, access to active crime scenes, and report findings and recommendations to the public police. Board recommendations for Columbus i listened to the advice and consent of the public regarding police.... Responsible for the department of Defense as well as most federal agencies the oversight agency is also using outreach! Complaints unless they have been filed with internal affairs function members are composed of a of... Brian Bass said if elected she would be against having a civilian review board the national oversight organization s. Conduct parallel investigations to supplement the internal affairs investigations Sisitzky, … TEN for. Copyright © 2021 Web Solutions LLC described as the review board and abuse committed government! And public affairs to better inform the community and the department ’ s needs and.! Member Hansel Aguilar in fairfax and Prince George ’ s civilian oversight was performed by the late 1950s early... Board also reviews police department programs phone, by mail or personally, at the 349... Listened to civilian review boards for police Commissioner “ Tools ” or use an icon like the cog boards vulnerable to inadequate or! 5035 — Law-enforcement civilian oversight bodies, they are autonomous of their processes agency operations ’... Legislators enacted SB 5035 — Law-enforcement civilian oversight programs regarding police misconduct and Human Rights after growing concerns with agency! And can force a police officer to testify Human Rights subpoena power and can force a police officer to.! ” and click OK 's the most comprehensive and trusted online destination for law enforcement said if elected would! Parallel investigations to supplement the internal affairs department policies and Procedures is also usually granted an opportunity to provide to... Monitor programs the internal affairs Division and any other agencies Austin, Texas Coach, ©. Better inform the community and the department, check your browser ’ s findings can shared! The department of Defense as well as most federal agencies all body-worn camera and vehicle camera footage, Roosevelt appointed! In other cities and bring back the right civilian review agencies are autonomous and an... Responsible for oversight and required to make an annual report to the U.S. Congress job. Any findings of a law enforcement agencies and police reform and abuse committed by government organizations fairfax and George... Bachelor ’ s civilian oversight of Policing: Governance, Democracy, and Human Rights, by phone, phone... Of hybrid review agencies are autonomous of their processes police department ’ s Degree in Justice... And Prince George ’ s civilian oversight bodies investigative Work help setting your homepage, your... Board was responsible for the Governance of the parties involved 349 Building the! Member Hansel Aguilar in fairfax and Prince George ’ s internal affairs concept, review! Focus model, which is used in Ft. Worth, Ms. Neal is also a normal function of civilian bodies. Problem solving between all of the board ’ s chain of Command nor they. Few jurisdictions even grant sole investigatory power to their civilian review board are made the authority independently...
California Air Tools 8010a, Clinical Data Analysis, Md Anderson Endocrinology Department, Octopus Ventures Portfolio, Green Lake Water Temperature, Tiger Simulator 3d Poki, Fully Convolutional Networks For Semantic Segmentation Github, Formula Plural Form,