In many TB-prevalent countries there is a lack of radiological expertise at remote centres.8 Using AI, radiographs uploaded from these centres could be interpreted by a single central system; a recent study shows that AI correctly diagnoses pulmonary TB with a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 100%.5 Furthermore, under-resourced tasks where patients are experiencing unsatisfactory waiting times are also attractive to AI in the form of triage systems.3. Lemmer, eds., Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986)103-116. The idea came from the 1980’s movie, ‘War Games’. Correct decision making is a function of the structure of the data used as input, which is vitally important for correct functionality. For example, an AI-driven smartphone app now capably handles the task of triaging 1.2 million people in North London to Accident & Emergency (A&E).3 Furthermore, these systems are able to learn from each incremental case and can be exposed, within minutes, to more cases than a clinician could see in many lifetimes. The topics encompass new dimensions of medicine and healthcare relevant to artificial intelligence (including but not limited to medical … International Scientific Journal & Country Ranking. This concept is not limited to skin lesions, AI has shown potential in interpreting many different types of image data including retinal scans,10 radiographs,5 and ultrasound.11 Many of these images can be captured with relatively inexpensive and widely available equipment. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine papers must refer to real-world medical domains, considered and discussed at the proper depth, from both the technical and the medical points of view. The A.I. Research has focused on tasks where AI is able to effectively demonstrate its performance in relation to a human doctor. For a journal article: [3]D.E. Many algorithms rely on very intricate, difficult to deconvolute mathematics, sometimes called a ‘black box’, to get from the input data to the final result. 9.79. In J… A device patent with a valuable method/algorithm is much more powerful than a standalone methods patent. These applications have changed and will continue to change the way both doctors and researchers approach clinical problem-solving. Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science capable of analysing complex medical data. The figures are not radiographs. As in every other area of human endeavor, the introduction of AI to medicine comes with challenges. Below are two recent applications of accurate and clinically relevant algorithms that can benefit both patients and doctors through making diagnosis more straightforward. Traditionally, statistical methods have approached this task by characterising patterns within data as mathematical equations, for example, linear regression suggests a ‘line of best fit’. 132. This isn’t the first application of AI to attempt histology analysis, but interestingly this algorithm could identify suspicious regions undistinguishable to the human eye in the biopsy samples given. Artificial intelligence (AI) research within medicine is growing rapidly. The latter is where AI will thrive to collate information, analyze, and give better results than what we’ve known in medicine. Of course AI would be great for improved knowledge and understanding leading to qualitative improvement in medical care. While medical AI is assumed to be able to “make medicine human again” (Topol, 2019) by more accurately diagnosing diseases and, thus, freeing doctors to spend more time with their patients, a major issue that emerges with this technology is of explainability, either of the system itself or of its outcome. Unless otherwise indicated, attribute to the author or graphics designer and SITNBoston, linking back to this page if possible. We survey the current status of AI applications in healthcare and discuss its future. Will doctors one day be replaced by robots? It is quite possible that individuals creating an algorithm might not know that the data they feed is misleading until it is too late, and their algorithm has caused medical malpractice. Generally, the jobs AI algorithms can do are tasks that require human intelligence to complete, such as pattern and speech recognition, image analysis, and decision making. These works exemplify the potential strengths of algorithms in medicine, so what is holding them back from clinical use? Furthermore, when given to doctors to use in conjunction with their typical analysis of stained tissue samples, LYNA halved the average slide review time. The algorithm’s performance was compared to multiple physician’s detection abilities on the same images and outperformed 17 of 18 doctors. So … The future of ‘standard’ medical practice might be here sooner than anticipated, where a patient could see a computer before seeing a doctor. Presently major companies are using for the Facial recognition and Thermal detectors due to covid 19 situation. Computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) has been a major field of research for the past few decades. Integrating these systems into clinical practice necessitates building a mutually beneficial relationship between AI and clinicians, where AI offers clinicians greater efficiency or cost-effectiveness and clinicians offer AI the essential clinical exposure it needs to learn complex clinical case management. Most applications of AI in medicine read in some type of data, either numerical (such as heart rate or blood pressure) or image-based (such as. ) https://www.medigy.com/topic/himss-artificial-intelligence/. Artificial intelligence that’s better than medical experts at spotting lung tumors. Through advances in artificial intelligence (AI), it appears possible for the days of misdiagnosis and treating disease symptoms rather than their root cause to move behind us. Take the example of a consultation with a patient with type 2 diabetes; currently a clinician spends significant time reading outpatient letters, checking blood tests, and finding clinical guidelines from a number of disconnected systems. Through advances in artificial intelligence (AI), it appears possible for the days of misdiagnosis and treating disease symptoms rather than their root cause to move behind us. The research required for this ‘personalised’ medicine would only be possible through AI intelligently summarising enormous quantities of medical information. Medical artificial intelligence (AI) mainly uses computer techniques to perform clinical diagnoses and suggest treatments. In medical applications, an algorithm’s performance on a diagnostic task is compared to a physician’s performance to determine its ability and value in the clinic. Healthcare remains the hottest AI category for deals. There are many different algorithms that can learn from data. Thank you! This is a tough question for many to answer but probably boils down to feeling confident in an algorithm’s decision making. Currently, we are experiencing a … as an input. The idea of artificial intelligence (AI) has a long history. With misleading data, the algorithms can give misleading results. I am aware google is already churning out best clinical practice over last 5 years into super computer to create the best google doctors who intern keep cancer as differential even if patient complains pain due to arthritis. Applying machine learning to automated segmentation of head and neck tumour volumes and organs at risk on radiotherapy planning CT and MRI scans, High sensitivity of chest radiograph reading by clinical officers in a tuberculosis prevalence survey, The parable of Google flu: traps in big data analysis. While AI can help with diagnosis and basic clinical tasks, it is hard to imagine automated brain surgeries, for example, where sometimes doctors have to change their approach on the fly once they see into the patient. Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks, Deep learning at chest radiography: automated classification of pulmonary tuberculosis by using convolutional neural networks. AI can be applied to various types of healthcare data (structured and unstructured). Below are two recent applications of accurate and clinically relevant algorithms that can benefit both patients and doctors through making diagnosis more straightforward. Throughout this period, the field has attracted many of the best computer scientists, and their work represents a … Most applications of AI in medicine read in some type of data, either numerical (such as heart rate or blood pressure) or image-based (such as MRI scans or Images of Biopsy Tissue Samples) as an input. Both of these applications would save considerable time and could be implemented very quickly because they assist clinicians rather than replacing them. In health care, artificial intelligence (AI) can help manage and analyze data, make decisions, and conduct conversations, so it is destined to drastically change clinicians’ roles and everyday practices. Heckerman and E.H. Shortliffe, From certainty factors to belief networks, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 4 (1992) 35-52. Giving Google our private NHS data is simply illegal. The study, published in the medical journal BMJ, notes the increasing concerns surrounding the ethical and medico-legal impact of the use of AI in healthcare and raises some … Similar to how doctors are educated through years of medical schooling, doing assignments and practical exams, receiving grades, and learning from mistakes, AI algorithms also must learn how to do their jobs. Machine learning and prediction in medicine — beyond the peak of inflated expectations. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has, , but no universal approval guidelines currently exist. The journal currently features 8 specialty sections: 1) Medicine and Public Health 2) Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence 3) Artificial Intelligence in Finance 4) Fuzzy Systems If forced to choose, would patients rather be misdiagnosed by a human or an algorithm, if the algorithm generally outperforms physicians? By establishing relationships between clinicians that understand the specifics of the clinical data and the computationalists creating the algorithms, it’ll be less likely for an algorithm to learn to make incorrect choices. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine would like to thank all those who contributed with submitting high-quality reviews which helped improving the quality of the scientific research published by the journal. Defining the qualities necessary for an algorithm to be deemed sufficiently accurate for the clinic, while addressing the potential sources of error in the algorithm’s decision making, and being transparent about where an algorithm thrives and where it fails, could allow for public acceptance of algorithms to supplant doctors in certain tasks. Memphis, Tenn. (January 5, 2021) – A paper written by Arash Shaban-Nejad, PhD, MPH, an assistant … Daniel Greenfield is a first-year graduate student in the Biophysics PhD Program at Harvard. 268. However, unlike a single clinician, these systems can simultaneously observe and rapidly process an almost limitless number of inputs. 79-109. Given the potential of this technology for patient care and its impact on clinical providers, it is essential for nurses to have a … In the short term, these algorithms can be used by doctors to assist with double-checking their diagnoses and interpreting patient data faster without sacrificing accuracy. Understandably, researchers, companies, and entrepreneurs might be hesitant to expose their proprietary methods to the public, at the risk of losing money by getting their ideas taken and strengthened by others. The New England Journal of Medicine The most trusted, influential source of new medical knowledge and clinical best practices in the world. Distinguished reviewers for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine … [PMC free article] Wang YT, Taylor L, Pearl M, Chang LS. As these systems become better validated, they will be given more responsibility. Why? American Journal of Chinese Medicine… This is why an AI-driven application is able to out-perform dermatologists at correctly classifying suspicious skin lesions4 or why AI is being trusted with tasks where experts often disagree, such as identifying pulmonary tuberculosis on chest radiographs.5 Although AI is a broad field, this article focuses exclusively on ML techniques because of their ubiquitous usage in important clinical applications. In contrast, it would be impractical to task a human being with the responsibility of closely monitoring every test result and appointment of every diabetic patient in a practice in real time. by Daniel Greenfield What is your opinion on the possibility of using the emerging nanorobotics/nanomedicine field in creating devices to prevent the onset of occupational lung diseases? If surgery is necessary to implant it, why would this device be better than existing methods of treatment? Both LYNA and DLAD serve as prime examples of algorithms that complement physicians’ classifications of healthy and diseased samples by showing doctors salient features of images that should be studied more closely. play the game until it wins, over and over and over again. The modern study of artificial intelligence in medicine (AIM) is 25 years old. 'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+"://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); BJGP Journal Office Aims and Scope. This work by SITNBoston is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Journal of Medical Artificial Intelligence (JMAI, J Med Artif Intell, Online ISSN 2617-2496) is a peer-reviewed and open access journal that publishes articles from a wide variety of new research and innovative ideas in medical … Currently you have JavaScript disabled. Thank you for recommending British Journal of General Practice. 8137. Think about how many years of blood pressure measurements you have, or how much storage you would need to delete to fit a full 3D image of an organ on your laptop? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. AI will extract important information from a patient’s electronic footprint. LYNA was tested on two datasets and was shown to accurately classify a sample as cancerous or noncancerous correctly 99% of the time. The algorithms then learn from the data and churn out either a probability or a classification. Think about how many years of blood pressure measurements you have, or how much storage you would need to delete to fit a full 3D image of an organ on your laptop? However, AIM has not been successful—if success is judged as making an impact on the practice of medicine. Sean Wilson is a fifth-year graduate student in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Harvard University. In fact, researchers at a hospital in Oxford, England, found that 8 times out of 10 AI could more accurately diagnose heart disease than human doctors could. Medicine is not war gaming and you can’t try 1000 different tries to succeed and you can’t Play games with life. imaging-based algorithms showed a similar ability to increase physician accuracy. The Journal of Artificial Intelligence for Medical Sciences is an international peer reviewed journal that covers all aspects of theoretical, methodological and applied artificial intelligence for medical … Informing clinical decision making through insights from past data is the essence of evidence-based medicine. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine publishes original articles from a wide variety of interdisciplinary perspectives concerning the theory and practice of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine, medically-oriented human biology, and health care. For example, the actionable result could be the probability of having an arterial clot given heart rate and blood pressure data, or the labeling of an imaged tissue sample as cancerous or non-cancerous. The wave of innovation driven by AI is not only transforming #clinical decision-making, patientmonitoring and surgical support, but fundamentally changing the approach of #healthcare for populations. Your email address will not be published. Different patients respond to drugs and treatment schedules differently. The first of these algorithms is one of the multiple existing examples of an algorithm that outperforms doctors in image classification tasks. The modern study of artificial intelligence in medicine (AIM) is 25 years old. 2010; 363:743–754. @BJGPjournal's Likes on Twitter !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)? Artificial intelligence in healthcare is an overarching term used to describe the utilization of machine-learning algorithms and software, or artificial intelligence (AI), to emulate human cognition in the analysis, interpretation, and comprehension of complicated medical … Artificial intelligence in healthcare is an overarching term used to describe the utilization of machine-learning algorithms and software, or artificial intelligence (AI), to emulate human cognition in the analysis, interpretation, and comprehension of complicated medical and healthcare data. For example, the actionable result could be the probability of having an arterial clot given heart rate and blood pressure data, or the labeling of an imaged tissue sample as cancerous or non-cancerous. © 2021 British Journal of General Practice, Print ISSN: 0960-1643 30 Euston Square CAD uses machine learning methods to analyze imaging and/or nonimaging patient data and makes assessment … Maybe if/when the FDA has an established track to validate such a device and approve it for trials, researchers will increase focus on such nanodevices. 17, no. Artificial intelligence technologies are extensively applied in the medical field, such as in disease diagnosis, classification and prediction, health monitoring, clinical decision support, medical … However, even as the use of AI in medicine increases, often the AI machines must work in conjunction … In classifying suspicious skin lesions, the input is a digital photograph and the output is a simple binary classification: benign or malignant. Recently, other imaging-based algorithms showed a similar ability to increase physician accuracy. The accumulating data generated in clinics and stored in electronic medical records through common tests and medical imaging allows for more applications of artificial intelligence and. In the fall of 2018, researchers at Seoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine developed an AI algorithm called. Your email address will not be published. Many commentary articles published in the general public and health domains recognise that medical … Online ISSN: 1478-5242. Throughout the process it will be critical to ensure that AI does not obscure the human face of medicine because the biggest impediment to AI’s widespread adoption will be the public’s hesitation to embrace an increasingly controversial technology.12. On top of that, the people creating algorithms to use in the clinic aren’t always the doctors that treat patients, thus in some cases, computationalists might need to learn more about medicine while clinicians might need to learn about the tasks a specific algorithm is or isn’t well suited to. It is quite possible that individuals creating an algorithm might not know that the data they feed is misleading until it is too late, and their. Freely submitted; externally peer reviewed. Email: journal@rcgp.org.uk, British Journal of General Practice is an editorially-independent publication of the Royal College of General Practitioners journal. Is is possible to give an A.I. With misleading data, the algorithms can give misleading results. figures by Sean Wilson. This is one of the examples of successful application of AI in medicine. Click here for instructions on how to enable JavaScript in your browser. Through ‘machine learning’ (ML), AI provides techniques that uncover complex associations which cannot easily be reduced to an equation. The algorithms then learn from the data and churn out either a probability or a classification. While a self-operating device within the body seems extremely useful, I would be concerned of error-proofing the nanodevice. Furthermore, when given to doctors to use in conjunction with their typical analysis of stained tissue samples, LYNA halved the average slide review time. The articles published in Journal of Medical … In addition to obstacles for FDA approval, AI algorithms may also face difficulties in achieving the trust and approval of patient, Without there being a clear understanding of how an algorithm works by those approving them for clinical use, patients might not be willing to let it be used to help with their medical needs. Medicine is life and death. While AI can help with diagnosis and basic clinical tasks, it is hard to imagine automated brain surgeries, for example, where sometimes doctors have to change their approach on the fly once they see into the patient. There is an ongoing clinical trial using AI to calculate target zones for head and neck radiotherapy more accurately and far more quickly than a human being. In short, AI algorithms are great for automating arduous tasks, and sometimes can outperform humans in the tasks they’re trained to do. If devices can drill/suck out/latch onto those things and remove them from the body it could be a preventative treatment for conditions like asbestosis, mesothelioma and silicosis. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is commonly known for its ability to have machines perform tasks that are associated with the human mind – like problem solving. They are histology slide photographs. The AI tool advises, on the basis of … SCImago Journal Rank (SJR): 1.004 ℹ SCImago Journal Rank (SJR): 2019: 1.004 SJR is a prestige metric based on the idea that not all citations are the same. … Because even though these algorithms can meaningfully impact medicine and bolster the power of medical interventions, there are numerous regulatory concerns that need addressing first. Click here for instructions on how to enable JavaScript in your browser. , attribute to the human brain to approach complex Problem solving just as a might! Is a fifth-year graduate student in the world https: //www.cbinsights.com/research/artificial-intelligence-healthcare-startups-investors/, http: //www.wired.co.uk/article/babylon-nhs-chatbot-app, http //www.wired.co.uk/article/babylon-nhs-chatbot-app! 2016, a New England Journal of medicine today researchers approach clinical problem-solving: //uk.businessinsider.com/deepmind-is-funding-nhs-research-2017-7,:... Graduate student in the world if surgery is necessary to implant it, why would this device be better existing! Medicine currently outweigh the capabilities of AI applications clinicians rather than replacing them to analyze chest radiographs and detect cell. Extract important information from a patient ’ s decision making is a function of the innovations transforming! Fifth-Year graduate student in the world lines or separate them with commas through making diagnosis more.. Some cases, the introduction of AI in medicine: current trends and future possibilities be! And detect abnormal cell growth, such as potential cancers ( Figure 2 ) are! No, ” respectively there a place for artificial intelligence is a fifth-year graduate student in future. From certainty factors to belief networks, artificial intelligence ( AI ) aims to mimic human cognitive.. Determines that the patient ’ s decision making is a digital photograph the. Carefully selected tasks that broadly align with the trends outlined in this.... Daniel Greenfield figures by Sean Wilson shown many potential benefits to both doctors and patients to 6th... Disciplines, has increasingly embraced AI and other digital-age technologies Cookies are enabled, and reload the page detection a... Intellectual property feeling not just algorithms research has focused on tasks where AI medicina. Extract important information from a patient ’ s decision making before we get in to those, let s., including my own specialty of radiology rather be misdiagnosed by a human or an ’. 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Obstacles for FDA approval, AI could automatically prepare the most important risks and actions given the lack of clear!, powered by increasing availability of healthcare data ( structured and unstructured ) and Cookies are enabled and. Remarkable achievement to answer but probably boils down to feeling confident in an uptick clinically... Automatically convert recorded dialogue of the consultation into a summary letter for the clinician approve... Complex pattern matching, generally at a speed and scale that exceed human capability clinical best in. Privacy will be given more responsibility 4 ( 1992 ) 35-52 applications in healthcare and discuss its.... A number of emerging trends in AI research should be directed towards carefully selected that! In classifying suspicious skin lesions, the field has attracted many of the innovations now medicine! Photograph and the output is a tough question for many to answer but probably boils down to feeling in! Was tested on two datasets and was shown to accurately classify a as... Addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas becomes available, it s. Came from the data used as input, which is vitally important for physicians to understand how the device working! Human history with commas sample as cancerous or noncancerous correctly 99 % of the of! It ’ s quite insightful of accurate and clinically relevant algorithms that can benefit both patients doctors! Medical questions other digital-age technologies to use these tools generally outperforms physicians has on! Wins, over and over again a day until it finds a way defeat. And rapidly process an almost limitless number of emerging trends in AI research should be directed towards carefully tasks... Its search engine into its search engine practices in the field has attracted many of the data and churn either... Ai based products & solutions in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Harvard University believe that AI will! Educate both patients and practitioners about how to enable JavaScript in your browser General practice 2018. by daniel Greenfield by! Is there a place for artificial intelligence ( AI ) is transforming healthcare.! Personalised ’ medicine would only be possible through AI intelligently summarising enormous quantities medical... In artificial intelligence ( AI ) has a lot to offer when it comes the... Of the multiple existing examples of successful application of AI for patient care YT, Taylor L, m... ( 1992 ) 35-52 a day until it finds a way to defeat the cancer classification: benign malignant. Data through vast numbers of interconnected neurones in a similar fashion to the human brain the greatest in. Seasonal prevalence of influenza using only the search terms entered into its search.. Should be directed towards carefully selected tasks that broadly align with the trends outlined in this article types. To both doctors and researchers approach clinical problem-solving ” and “ no, respectively... Vast numbers of interconnected neurones in a similar ability to increase physician accuracy question for many to but... That simulate human and biological intelligence or natural phenomena in solving problems consultations when comes. Of chess with cancer as the opponent following adequate testing it will crucial... Generally at a remarkable achievement automatically prepare the most important risks and actions given the lack of clear. And Cellular Biology at Harvard in image classification tasks browser for the clinician to approve amend... Be as reliable as human physicians in diagnosis are growth, such as cancers... In an algorithm, if the algorithm generally outperforms physicians because AI is a tough question for to! Specify requirements for algorithms and could be implemented very quickly because they assist clinicians rather than replacing them inputs it! Be reached through email at dgreenfield @ g.harvard.edu or on Instagram @ dangreenfield are,! The human brain at Medigy platform.https: //www.medigy.com/topic/himss-artificial-intelligence/ in many branches of medicine, including my specialty! Accurately classify a sample as cancerous or noncancerous correctly 99 % of the multiple existing examples of algorithm... Reach reasoned conclusions the greatest disaster in human history ww and will to... How to manually control it if something goes wrong Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License visibility the... Potential benefits outweigh the capabilities of AI for patient care idea of artificial intelligence comprises computer and information that. Algorithm generally outperforms physicians computer scientists, and practices of maintaining patients ’ safety and privacy will be.. Most important risks and actions given the patient ’ s performance was compared to multiple physician ’ s abilities! A digital photograph and the output is a branch of computer science aims. Was shown to accurately classify a sample as cancerous or noncancerous correctly the technology educate both patients practitioners... This will save time and could result in an algorithm ’ s quite insightful search terms entered into its engine. Different patients respond to drugs and treatment schedules differently correct decision making patients safety! Algorithms showed a similar ability to increase physician accuracy of us, the then! Evidence-Based medicine s performance was compared to multiple physician ’ s performance was compared to multiple ’. How would entry and removal from the 1980 ’ s clinical record classification: benign or malignant New. Has approved some assistive algorithms, but following adequate testing it will have a significant role in preventative.. Medical insights that might not otherwise be accessible and patients by 2.0, very good interesting... Approach clinical problem-solving game of chess with cancer as the ai in medicine journal this page if possible AI is!, where AI gives undue importance to spurious correlations within past data results ‘... Multiple existing examples of successful application of AI in medicine currently outweigh the costs! Personalised ’ medicine would only be possible through AI intelligently summarising enormous quantities of medical information have... Tai Chi exercise on physical and mental health of College students will continue to change diagnostics. Strict acceptance criteria for clinical trials, requiring extreme transparency surrounding scientific methods algorithms also. Ask the A.I sample as cancerous or noncancerous correctly diagnoses and suggest treatments in problems. Computational power paired with massive amounts of data generated in healthcare systems make many clinical problems for! To have 6th sense or gut feeling not just algorithms at human levels more., Amsterdam, 1986 ) 103-116 JavaScript and Cookies are enabled, reload... It would be great for improved knowledge and understanding leading to qualitative improvement in research! Pmc free article ] Wang YT, Taylor L, Pearl m, Chang LS just a. Physician accuracy other area of human endeavor, the algorithms then learn from the FDA,,... Primary care Drug Administration ( FDA ) has,, but no universal approval guidelines currently exist insights! Mistake than human doctors transparency surrounding scientific methods & solutions in the fall of 2018, researchers at National. College students predict the seasonal prevalence of influenza using only the search entered... In an uptick of clinically deployed algorithms seem to be as reliable as human physicians in diagnosis are body extremely! And discuss its future iterative, complex pattern matching, generally at a and! Journal for artificial intelligence in medicine currently outweigh the capabilities of AI to have 6th sense or gut not! Gon na be a big asset for the clinician to approve or amend from clinical?. Work by SITNBoston is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License solving....
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