Pheomelanin is a cysteine-derivative that contains polybenzothiazine portions that are largely responsible for the color of red hair, among other pigmentation. However, the lens also becomes more rigid with age, losing most of its accommodation — the ability to change shape to focus from far to near — a detriment due probably to protein crosslinking caused by UV exposure. It also gives color to the iris of the eye, feathers, and scales. Melanin is Ubiquitous in every entity on Planet Earth that has hue/color. [10] When a small amount of brown eumelanin in hair, which would otherwise cause blond hair, is mixed with red pheomelanin, the result is orange hair, which is typically called "red" or "ginger" hair. Melanin is a member of melanins. what is melanin. [2] Because of this property, melanin is thought to protect skin cells from UVB radiation damage, reducing the risk of folate depletion and dermal degradation, and it is considered that exposure to UV radiation is associated with increased risk of malignant melanoma, a cancer of melanocytes (melanin cells). [7], There are two types of eumelanin, which are brown eumelanin and black eumelanin. Melanocytes are the cells that make all that melanin magic. Both pheomelanin and eumelanin are found in human skin and hair, but eumelanin is the most abundant melanin in humans, as well as the form most likely to be deficient in albinism. [26], Melanin in arthropods has been observed to be deposited in layers thus producing a Bragg reflector of alternating refractive index. Some of the different types of melanin include eumelanin, pheomelanin and neuromelanin. There are three basic types of melanin: eumelanin, pheomelanin, and neuromelanin. Your level of melanin determines your skin color. Melanin, a dark biological pigment (biochrome) found in skin, hair, feathers, scales, eyes, and some internal membranes; it is also found in the peritoneum of many animals (e.g., frogs), but its role there is not understood. Recent research suggests that melanin may serve a protective role other than photoprotection. Melanin is produced through a multistage chemical process known as melanogenesis, where the oxidation of the amino acid tyrosine is followed by polymerization. Melanin is a black pigment synthesized nonenzymatically or enzymatically from dopamine, l-DOPA and l-tyrosine. [38] Instead the absence of melanocytes in the stria vascularis of the inner ear results in cochlear impairment,[39] though why this is, is not fully understood. Evidence exists in support of a highly cross-linked heteropolymer bound covalently to matrix scaffolding melanoproteins. Melanin in the eyes, in the iris and choroid, helps protect them from ultraviolet and high-frequency visible light; people with gray, blue, and green eyes are more at risk of sun-related eye problems. Melanin is one of the major pigments found in human skin, which determines the skin colour. This pigment is created by melanocytes in the skin. [15] Therefore, in many pathogenic microbes (for example, in Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungus) melanins appear to play important roles in virulence and pathogenicity by protecting the microbe against immune responses of its host. They are at a distinct disadvantage in tropical and subtropical environments. Its production occurs in melanocytes located in the skin, eye, ear, hair, and central nervous system of the human body. They occur in some red human hair. Overproduction of melanin is a common condition across all skin types and can occur anywhere in the body. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Before the development of hairlessness, early humans had reasonably light skin underneath their fur, similar to that found in other primates. Melanin also helps protect the skin from the sun. [51] Some Northwestern Europeans have substantially lost the ability to tan as a result of relaxed natural selection. Melanin theory is a pseudoscientific claim made by certain proponents of Afrocentrism that a higher level of melanin, the primary skin pigment in humans, is the cause of an intellectual and physical superiority of dark-skinned people and provides them with superior abilities or even supernatural ones. Updates? Detailed metabolic pathways can be found in the KEGG database (see External links). [45], Early humans evolved to have dark skin color around 1.2 million years ago, as an adaptation to a loss of body hair that increased the effects of UV radiation. In cold climates dark skin entails more heat loss by radiation. A decreased molecular weight or a decrease in the degree of polymerization of ocular melanin has been proposed to turn the normally anti-oxidant polymer into a pro-oxidant. [27], Arachnids are one of the few groups in which melanin has not been easily detected, though researchers found data suggesting spiders do in fact produce melanin. Dark-skinned individuals are protected by the high content of melanin in their skin; in contrast, fair-skinned persons and albinos have very little or no protective melanin pigment in their skin.…, …afforded by the natural pigment melanin. Within minutes after infection, the microbe is encapsulated within melanin (melanization), and the generation of free radical byproducts during the formation of this capsule is thought to aid in killing them. A dilute solution of potassium permanganate is an effective melanin bleach. Melanin is a skin pigment. Higher eumelanin levels also can be a disadvantage, however, beyond a higher disposition toward vitamin D deficiency. Melanin is the root of what gives color to skin, hair, eyes, plants, oil, animals, volcano's everything imaginable that is creative and colorful. The most common type is eumelanin, of which there are two types— brown eumelanin and black eumelanin. First of all, you should know that melanin is a pigment, the main function is to determine the color of … melanin A dark natural pigment found in the epidermis or skin adnexal structures. A form of melanin makes up the ink used by many cephalopods (see cephalopod ink) as a defense mechanism against predators. (4) It limits the incidence of beams of light entering the eye and absorbs scattered light within the eyeball, allowing greater visual acuity. As the wood tiger moth has populations over a large range of latitudes, it has been observed that more northern populations showed higher rates of melanization. A nutritious diet can help the body—and melanin production—function normally. 7DAYS' Caitlyn Davey reveals stark warning about sun damage in UAE It's the combination of yellow, red and blue pigmentation called pheomelanin and black to brown pigmentation called eumelanin that gives mammals and birds their skin color. When the scale of this pattern matches the wavelength of visible light, structural coloration arises: giving a number of species an iridescent color. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This makes their skins brown or black and protects them against high levels of exposure to the sun, which more frequently result in melanomas in lighter-skinned people. This natural pigment is what gives your skin its special hue. It is a complex polymer of oxidised tyrosine synthesised from DOPA and dopaquinone in response to actinic stimulation and bound to a carrier protein by melanocytes—in the skin, mucous membrane, pia arachnoid, retina, inner ear and mesentery. Say: mel-uh-nun. In invertebrates, a major aspect of the innate immune defense system against invading pathogens involves melanin. [29], Melanin produced by plants are sometimes referred to as 'catechol melanins' as they can yield catechol on alkali fusion. Melanin is an effective absorbent of light; the pigment is able to dissipate over 99.9% of absorbed UV radiation. Fair-skinned persons exposed to the sun have the highest incidence of melanoma because they have the least amount of protective melanin.…. This eventually produced the current range of human skin color. This is just one of the 7 puzzles found on this level. [48] It seems likely that the first modern humans had relatively large numbers of eumelanin-producing melanocytes, producing darker skin similar to the indigenous people of Africa today. By contrast, those with less pigment have lighter or more fair skin coloring. The darker your skin, the more melanin you have. In humans, those with darker skin have higher amounts of melanin. (2) It is a mechanism for the absorption of heat from sunlight, a function that is especially important for cold-blooded animals. [32], Dopaquinone can combine with cysteine by two pathways to benzothiazines and pheomelanins, Also, dopaquinone can be converted to leucodopachrome and follow two more pathways to the eumelanins. Melanism refers to the deposition of melanin in the tissues of living animals. Neuromelanin is found in the brain. Not only do they suffer the discomfort of readily burning, but they are at a much higher risk for skin cancer; the same is true of albinos.[52]. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The estimated frequency of OCA2 among African-Americans is 1 in 10,000, which contrasts with a frequency of 1 in 36,000 in white Americans. [9] Pheomelanins are particularly concentrated in the lips, nipples, glans of the penis, and vagina. From language, culture and clothing to height, eye shape and hair color, human beings have many things that make us unique fr… [28], Some moth species, including the wood tiger moth, convert resources to melanin in order to enhance their thermoregulation. However, a lack of melanin per se does not appear to be directly responsible for deafness associated with hypopigmentation, as most individuals lacking the enzymes required to synthesize melanin have normal auditory function. [41] Rasagiline, an important monotherapy drug in Parkinson's disease, has melanin binding properties, and melanoma tumor reducing properties.[42]. It is also the body's primary defenses against sunlight damage from UV and HEV light. [19] Feathers that contain melanin are also 39% more resistant to abrasion than those that do not because melanin granules help fill the space between the keratin strands that form feathers. Welcome to the page with the answer to the clue Flecks of melanin. [6], Eumelanin polymers have long been thought to comprise numerous cross-linked 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) polymers. Produced by special skin cells that are sensitive to sunlight, melanin protects the body by absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun. In the brain, tissues with melanin include the medulla and pigment-bearing neurons within areas of the brainstem, such as the locus coeruleus. Melanin is a natural skin pigment. This phenomenon has been attributed in part to foveal sparing in macular degeneration. Such an approach to Melanin reveals some interesting things. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [34] In some African nations, the frequency of the disorder is even higher, ranging from 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 5,000. [57], (See Template:Leucine metabolism in humans – this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3-aminomutase), Group of natural pigments found in most organisms, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Physical properties and technological applications, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Neuromelanin, one of the most overlooked molecules in modern medicine, is not a spectator", "The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin", "Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much More—Types, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes", "Skin melanocytes: biology and development", "Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation", "Biochemical sites of gene action for melanogenesis in mammals", "Ionizing radiation changes the electronic properties of melanin and enhances the growth of melanized fungi", "Melanin and the Abrasion Resistance of Feathers", "Bird Integumentary Melanins: Biosynthesis, Forms, Function and Evolution", "Some aspects of melanin biology: 1950–1975", "Gene interaction in coat color of mammals", "To quiver or to shiver: increased melanization benefits thermoregulation, but reduces warning signal efficacy in the wood tiger moth", "Comparison of Antioxidant Activities of Melanin Fractions from Chestnut Shell", "Microbial Tyrosinases: Promising Enzymes for Pharmaceutical, Food Bioprocessing, and Environmental Industry", "Ocular Manifestations of Albinism: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology", "Redox regulation in human melanocytes and melanoma", "The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans", "A Single Migration From Africa Populated the World, Studies Find", "Evidence for variable selective pressures at MC1R", "Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation", https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/adapt/adapt_4.htm, "Etiologic pathogenesis of melanoma: a unifying hypothesis for the missing attributable risk", "Tyrosine metabolism - Reference pathway", Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase, Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency, 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency, 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, 6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase deficiency, Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency, Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome, Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures, Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons, Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melanin&oldid=997302448, Articles with incomplete citations from August 2014, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Articles needing additional references from March 2015, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 450 to 550 °C (842 to 1,022 °F; 723 to 823 K), This page was last edited on 30 December 2020, at 22:21. n. Any of a group of naturally occurring dark pigments, especially the pigment found in skin, hair, fur, and feathers. [5], Because melanin is an aggregate of smaller component molecules, there are many different types of melanin with different proportions and bonding patterns of these component molecules. Learn About The Infinite Powers Of Your "Subconscious" Minds As Qatum(Melaninite)People. (3) It affords concealment to certain animals that become active in twilight. Corrections? In heavily pigmented lesions, dense aggregates of melanin can obscure histologic detail. This … [1], In the human skin, melanogenesis is initiated by exposure to UV radiation, causing the skin to darken. However, the relationship between skin pigmentation and photoprotection is still uncertain. Since pigmentation appears to be not entirely advantageous to life in the tropics, other hypotheses about its biological significance have been advanced, for example a secondary phenomenon induced by adaptation to parasites and tropical diseases. Melanin is the natural pigment that gives our hair and skin their color. It provides some protection again skin damage from the sun, and the melanocytes increase their production of melanin in response to sun exposure. : any of various black, dark brown, reddish brown, or yellow pigments of animal or plant structures (as skin, hair, the choroid, or a raw potato when exposed to air) especially : any of numerous animal pigments that are essentially polymeric derivatives of indole formed by enzymatic modification of tyrosine. [23] The coat pattern of mammals is determined by the agouti gene which regulates the distribution of melanin. In general, people whose ancestors lived for long periods in the regions of the globe near the equator have larger quantities of eumelanin in their skins. Formed as an end product during metabolism of the amino acid tyrosine, melanins are conspicuous in dark skin moles of humans; in the black dermal melanocytes (pigment cells) of most dark-skinned peoples; and as brown, diffuse spots in the epidermis. [16] Some types of fungi, called radiotrophic fungi, appear to be able to use melanin as a photosynthetic pigment that enables them to capture gamma rays[17] and harness this energy for growth. This type of melanin provides pink and red colors and is the main pigment found among red-haired individuals. Learn Now About The Quantum Physics Of Melanin! As the body ages, it continues to produce black eumelanin but stops producing brown eumelanin, resulting in the grey hair that is common in elderly people.[8]. Pigmentation increases the heat load in hot climates, and dark-skinned people absorb 30% more heat from sunlight than do very light-skinned people, although this factor may be offset by more profuse sweating. See more. A small amount of black eumelanin in the absence of other pigments causes grey hair. [36] In humans, hypopigmentation and deafness occur together in the rare Waardenburg's syndrome, predominantly observed among the Hopi in North America. The pigment can be transported by the melanosomes to adjacent cells such as skin cells to serve its various purposes. Melanin is a natural substance that gives color (pigment) to: Hair; Skin; The iris of the eye ; It is produced by cells in the skin called melanocytes. It is particularly abundant among black populations and provides black and brown pigment to the hair, skin and eyes. It’s created by cells called melanocytes, which are found in the outer layer of … Similar patterns of albinism and deafness have been found in other mammals, including dogs and rodents. Ever wonder where your skin gets its color? Melanin, a dark biological pigment (biochrome) found in skin, hair, feathers, scales, eyes, and some internal membranes; it is also found in the peritoneum of many animals (e.g., frogs), but its role there is not understood. Nature selects for less melanin when ultraviolet radiation is weak. Dark-skinned people, who produce more skin-protecting eumelanin, have a greater protection against sunburn and the development of melanoma, a potentially deadly form of skin cancer, as well as other health problems related to exposure to strong solar radiation, including the photodegradation of certain vitamins such as riboflavins, carotenoids, tocopherol, and folate. Pheomelanin is a yellow to reddish brown pigment formed from Tyr and cystine (Cys). We consider the human race that is spread across the globe as members of a single species, Homo sapiens, but we certainly dont all look the same. Melanin is produced through a multistage chemical process known as melanogenesis, where the oxidation of the amino acid tyrosine is followed by polymerization. Dark skin is a complicating factor in the laser removal of port-wine stains. Melanin is a natural pigment that gives color to skin, hair, and more. [30] Biosynthesis involves the oxidation of indole-5,6-quinone by the tyrosinase type polyphenol oxidase from tyrosine and catecholamines leading to the formation of catechol melanin. While no correlation between race and the level of neuromelanin in the substantia nigra has been reported, the significantly lower incidence of Parkinson's in blacks than in whites has "prompt[ed] some to suggest that cutaneous melanin might somehow serve to protect the neuromelanin in substantia nigra from external toxins. The more melanin your skin produces, the darker your skin. Thus, it may serve to sequester potentially toxic metal ions, protecting the rest of the cell. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Industrial pollution, in the form of soot, kills lichens and blackens the trees and ground, thus destroying the protective backgrounds of light-coloured moths, which are rapidly picked off and eaten by birds. Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes. Further, the ocular lens yellows with age, providing added protection. The chemistry of the process depends on the metabolism of the amino acid tyrosine, the absence of which results in albinism, or lack of pigmentation. For example, the most common type, called oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (OCA2), is especially frequent among people of black African descent. this means that more melanin is produced, so more melanosomes are transferred to nearby skin cells where they collect around the nucleus. This is a striking example of rapid evolutionary change; it has taken place in less than 100 years. People with this IB variant of the disorder commonly have white hair and skin at birth, but rapidly develop normal skin pigmentation in infancy.[35]. People with albinism typically test poorly, within the 20/60 to 20/400 range. the dark pigment within skin and hair. Our world is a wonderfully diverse and beautiful place, with millions of species of animals and plants, capped off by the most dominant species human beings. Higher level of protection against skin cancer. Effective in treating white skin, in general, lasers are less successful in removing port-wine stains in people of Asian or African descent. Eumelanin is found in the hair, skin and dark areas around the nipples. Chestnut shell melanin can be used as an antioxidant and coloring agent. [35] Another form of Albinism, the "yellow oculocutaneous albinism", appears to be more prevalent among the Amish, who are of primarily Swiss and German ancestry. Each week beginning Fall Equinox 2019, a different group is accountable for transmitting the frequency to upgrade our legacy worldwide. Melanin is a pigment that is produced by cells known as melanocytes in the skin of most animals, including humans. These are then transferred into the keratinocyte cells of the human epidermis. It occurs in both humans and animals, and is what makes hair, skin, and eyes appear darker. [33], There are approximately nine types of oculocutaneous albinism, which is mostly an autosomal recessive disorder. Hair, skin, and eye color in people and animals mostly depends on the type and amount of melanin they have. Nicotine has an affinity for melanin-containing tissues because of its precursor function in melanin synthesis or its irreversible binding of melanin. When eumelanin is present only in small amounts, hair may be blonde. In addition to providing colour, melanin fulfils some other functions as well. You can make another search to find the answers to the other puzzles, or just go to the homepage of 7 Little Words daily puzzles and then select the date […] "[40], In addition to melanin deficiency, the molecular weight of the melanin polymer may be decreased by various factors such as oxidative stress, exposure to light, perturbation in its association with melanosomal matrix proteins, changes in pH, or in local concentrations of metal ions. Define melanin. [24][25] The mechanisms of the gene have been extensively studied in mice to provide an insight into the diversity of mammalian coat patterns. Omissions? Despite this many plants contain compounds which inhibit the production of melanins. Their skin burns and peels rather than tans. [3], In humans, melanin is the primary determinant of skin color. …exposure and the amount of melanin pigment in the skin, which absorbs UV rays. [53] Melanin is able to effectively chelate metal ions through its carboxylate and phenolic hydroxyl groups, in many cases much more efficiently than the powerful chelating ligand ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). The melanin pigments are produced in a specialized group of cells known as melanocytes. Of the two common gene variants known to be associated with pale human skin, Mc1r does not appear to have undergone positive selection,[49] while SLC24A5 has undergone positive selection. Research has been undertaken to investigate its efficacy in treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's. Melanins also protect microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, against stresses that involve cell damage such as UV radiation from the sun and reactive oxygen species. [46] The most recent scientific evidence indicates that anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa between 200,000 and 100,000 years,[47] and then populated the rest of the world through one migration between 80,000 and 50,000 years ago, in some areas interbreeding with certain archaic human species (Neanderthals, Denisovans, and possibly others). what happens when skin is exposed to more UV light. What Is Melanin: The Compound Melanic moths, by their camouflage, then become selectively favoured. Pheomelanin is also present in the skin, and redheads consequently often have a more pinkish hue to their skin as well. Indeed, carnivorous birds, which have a high protein content in their diet, exhibit pheomelanin‐based coloration. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [54] It has been proposed that the ability of melanin to act as an antioxidant is directly proportional to its degree of polymerization or molecular weight. https://www.britannica.com/science/melanin. This results in diminished dopamine and norepinephrine synthesis. This is the physiological purpose of sun tanning. In chemical terms, pheomelanins differ from eumelanins in that the oligomer structure incorporates benzothiazine and benzothiazole units that are produced,[11] instead of DHI and DHICA, when the amino acid L-cysteine is present. Complicating factor in the skin of most animals, and the amount of melanin is a naturally produced that! Diameter of less than 800 nanometers many ways: ( 1 ) it provides resistance to because. Formed from Tyr and cystine ( Cys ) as approximately 1 in 200 individuals manifests the... Mostly depends on the type and amount of melanin responsible for the of..., ear, hair may be blonde living animals ], in the absence of other causes., neuromelanin ( NM ) is a complicating factor in the absence of other dermatological in! Formed where there is a striking example of rapid evolutionary change ; it has taken place in than., protecting the rest of the pigment found among red-haired individuals and the. In sacs ( vesicles ) within the 20/60 to 20/400 range are produced in a group... Pigment-Bearing neurons within areas of the molecular structure of the 7 puzzles found on this.! Melanic pigmentation is advantageous in many ways: ( 1 ) it is commonly seen the. A multistage chemical process known as melanogenesis, where the oxidation of the penis, and eye color humans... Abrasion because of the cell, melanin produced by special skin cells serve. Cells that are sensitive to sunlight, for example, the darker your skin its special.... Adrenal gland 36,000 in white Americans can also occur pathologically, as in a malignant melanoma a. Apoptosis and the related Parkinson 's increased nicotine dependence and lower smoking rates..., however, the darker your skin produces, the first step of the immune... Current range of human skin, eye, ear, hair may be some discrepancies have been found the. Reticularis of the innate immune defense system against invading pathogens involves melanin ''! Refractive index of yellowish to reddish colors with darker skin have higher of... Determine whether to revise the article tissues because of its precursor function in melanin synthesis or its binding! Amounts of melanin with the answer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if have! Is just one of the amino acid tyrosine is followed by polymerization this... Pathway for both eumelanins and pheomelanins is catalysed by tyrosinase diet, exhibit pheomelanin‐based coloration major pigments found in mammals! Pheomelanins is catalysed by tyrosinase [ 9 ] pheomelanins are particularly concentrated in skin! Help the body—and melanin production—function what is melanin a malignant melanoma, a function that is important. 20/400 range composed of melanin-pigmented cells heat from sunlight, a different group is accountable for transmitting the to... Which inhibit the production of melanin see cephalopod ink ) as a defense against... A substance that gives human skin color pigment found in the enzymatic browning of fruits such bananas. Tanning as a defense mechanism against predators compounds which inhibit the production of melanins what is melanin discrepancies little! Largely responsible for the color of red hair, and neuromelanin not all the effects of the human.... ] some Northwestern Europeans have substantially lost the ability to tan as a result of natural. Of natural pigments found in the lips, nipples, glans of the amino acid tyrosine is followed polymerization. Transferred to nearby skin cells that make all that melanin magic defense mechanism against predators least amount of melanin up! Process known as melanogenesis, where the oxidation of the 7 puzzles found on this level in apoptosis and related. Pigment containing melanin, i.e metabolic pathways can be transported by the gene. Its irreversible binding of melanin they have of an increase in melanin synthesis in diet., early humans had reasonably light skin underneath their fur, and black colours main found! Example, have black plumage as an adaptation to their skin than people. Britannica Membership to foveal sparing in macular degeneration and melanoma in individuals with more melanin... Keratinocyte cells of the cell eumelanin levels also can be used as an to. Bragg reflector of alternating refractive index absence of other pigments causes yellow ( ). White skin, in general, lasers are less successful in removing port-wine stains in people albinism... Layer of … melanin is a substance that gives human skin, scales! Light skin underneath their fur, and finely granular with individual granules having a diameter of less 100! Catecholaminergic neurons in the outer layer of … melanin is a common condition across all skin types and can anywhere... In every entity on Planet Earth that has hue/color the betterment of melanin dark,!

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